Women and Sport Essay - 1116 Words

Women and Sport Turn on your TV screen and there’s a high probability that a sports game will be on at one channel. Unless it’s a special sports channel such as ‘sky sports’ etc. you will easily realise it is men playing the relevant sport. Ever wondered why? Why aren’t women’s sports as amazingly popular as the large market of men’s sports? Millions are spent on men’s sports and men sports’ propaganda but why aren’t women’s sports as popular? They are physically and mentally able to play the same type of sports and there are as many talented women as there is men, but for reasons unknown to many, they are just not as well recognised. My parents brought me up to think that girls could play†¦show more content†¦I am not saying that because of this example women’s teams should be more popular, because that would be nonsensical and pointless, but I think it is showing we are capable of flourishing in the world of sports in the same way men do. But then, college level is a bit less equal in men and women’s sports. We’re talking about a completely different calibre of athletes. Women who know the game well and are physically able to stand the challenges put on them can work at a higher level of competition. More people want to see women play sports now than in the past because of the better quality of player which you can doubtlessly see nowadays. With this as a factor television time is something that both teams have to savagely compete over. In most areas men get most of this television time, and though unfair, it’s because they have the money that they are able to buy and obtain all this television time. You can now sometimes catch a girl’s game on some odd channel but the main stations mostly have men’s games on them. The main area that allows you to compare the discrepancy between men and women’s sports is most presumably basketball. There are large numbers of teams for both men and women, which should, in an egalitarian and fair world, allow for equal opportunity. They areShow MoreRelatedWomen and Sports1522 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Thesis There is a definite correlation between the economics of professional women ¡Ã‚ ¦s sports and their ultimate success. As most success in sport leagues, teams and associations are measured by longevity, win/loss records, and most importantly, revenue, the footprint of female competition at the professional level has not been paramount at any point in our history. Professional women ¡Ã‚ ¦s athletics is characterized by an economic model and a level of acceptance amongst the massesRead More Women in Sports and Sports Broadcasting Essay584 Words   |  3 PagesWomen in Sports and Sports Broadcasting Before I conducted this media analysis about women in sports and sport broadcasting, I hypothesized the obvious - that more male sports would be in the media, and that there would be more male sports broadcasters as well. Through my observations I did find that the sports arena and sports broadcasting sphere are male dominated. However, I also found that although there are not many stories about women, there has been a steady progression and magazinesRead MoreWomen Discrimination In Sports1572 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination in Women Sports Women have always been the minority in today’s world whether that’s in the work force or even in sports. Title IX a act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972 that said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discrimination to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex. (Senne 1) This act was a step towards more female participation and less discrimination, but those stereotypes most of society believes in stillRead More Women and Sports Essay912 Words   |  4 PagesWomen and Sports As it becomes increasingly acceptable for women to be athletic in American culture, a new question arises: in which sports should women be allowed to participate? From a physiological standpoint, it has been scientifically proven that female bodies do not differ significantly enough from male bodies to prevent them from participation in any male sports. This division between male and female sports clearly stems from age-old, socially constructed norms of femininity and masculinityRead MoreThe Future of Women in Sports1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Future of Women in Sports As the year 2010 has arrived, the problem of the portrayal of women in sports no longer lies in their fight for equality and opportunity, but in fighting off the competition with men. It is no longer an issue of women not being taken seriously or being looked down upon if they decide to be athletes, but that men want to take part in competition with women in sports. This film thus focuses on the struggles that the male protagonist faces in trying to compete withRead MoreEssay on Women in Sports961 Words   |  4 PagesWomen in Sports Challenges appear to be part of the human experience. In the course of history, very little has come easily. The progress that women have made in sport in the United States over the course of the last 100 years seems remarkable for the amount achieved in so little time. In relation to the other advances made in this century, including mens sport, that achievement dims. While women have made great advances, they havent, in comparison, come that far. It would appear, from theRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Sports1541 Words   |  7 PagesWomen have always been the minority in the world even today: that is in the work force or even in sports. Title IX, an act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972, said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discriminate to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex (Senne 1). This act was a step towards improving female participation and lessening discrimination, but the stereotypes that most of society believes in still exist. This is oneRead MoreEssay on Women in Sports707 Words   |  3 PagesWomen in Sports In the last one hundred years women have made tremendous inroads in many facets of life. Of that there can be little doubt. Women may now hold jobs, own property and participate in professional sports. Today women can compete in sports, once a vestige of male domination; there is now room for women in that arena. But even today women in sports are not portrayed in the same light as their male counterparts. To a large degree this is because of todays cultural ideal of women.Read More Women and Sports Essays3142 Words   |  13 Pagesyears for women to gain a semblance of equality in sports. Throughout history, women have been both excluded from playing sports and discriminated against in sports. Men’s sports have always dominated the college athletic field, but women were finally given a fighting chance after Title IX was passed. Title IX, among other things, requires scholarships to be equally proportioned between men and women’s sports. Although this was a huge gain f or women, gender inequality still exists in sports today. AnRead MoreWomen and Sports Essay2771 Words   |  12 Pages In today’s society women are not allowed to play baseball with men due to patriarchal myths and misconceptions that have been around since the emergence of baseball in America. All women should be able to play baseball with men and there is no legitimate reason why they shouldnt. Women are physically, mentally, and emotionally capable of playing baseball just as men are. With that being said their biological sex or gender should not and does not affect their ability to play baseball in the company

Measure for Measure The Dark Comedy - 829 Words

The Dark Comedy of Measure for Measure nbsp; Measure for Measure, the last of Shakespeares great comedies, is also the darkest of his comedies, and represents his transition to tragic plays. This play differs from Shakespeares other comedies, and is in many ways more akin to tragedy than to comedy. In setting, plot, and character development Measure for Measure has a tragic tone, however, because none of the main characters actually loses his life, this play is considered a comedy. nbsp; Almost all of Shakespeares comedies have dual localities: the real world of crime, punishment, and responsibility, and an idyllic world, where reality is malleable, and forgiving. For example, As You Like It occurs in both the world of the†¦show more content†¦He nearly succeeds, and it appears as if he will escape punishment entirely. Only in the last scene does Shakespeare provide resolution. nbsp; The entire play bears a tragic weight that Shakespeare lifts only in the final moments. This resolution, however, adds only a nominal comedic feel to the play. The onset of the final scene drastically alters the plot which seemed as if it would offer no justice; such a happy ending clashes with the previous events. The duke, sometimes sinister mastermind of the plot, forces the final judgment on the characters, and offers little real relief. For example, the duke demands that Isabella, who seemed set on a chaste life as a nun, marry him. The plot has thrown her from one precarious situation to another, and she is finally left with no real option, but to marry the duke. Shakespeare provides no evidence that Isabella wants this, nor does he allow her any real escape from the dukes demand. In essence, she is in the same position with the duke as she was with Angelo. The duke, cruelly pretends that Claudio, Isabellas beloved brother is dead; he pretends to side with Angelo, thereby exace rbating the mental anguish of Mariana and Isabella; he bolstersAngelos confidence that he will escape punishment. Even through the end,Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet977 Words   |  4 Pagesas MacBeth and Hamlet, with some noteworthy comedies for the time period like Much Ado about Nothing and A Midsummer s Night Dream. While some of his plays have straightforward storylines and the title is extremely revealing about the characters and meaning of the play, other titles are more vague and hidden to the unexamining eye. One title that is noticed for having this effect of being vague to its reader is the dark comedy called Measure by Measure. There are many reasons and theories speculatedRead More othello review Essay767 Words   |  4 Pages Shakespeare has produced an incredibly large library of work, including 38 plays and countless sonnets. His plays are divided into four main sections: the Histories, the Tragedies, the Comedies, and the Romances. Othello falls under Tragedy, as it ends with the death of numerous characters, including the principals. Shakespeares work has been produced since the Renaissance in all artistic mediums from the original theater to opera, symphony, film, and ballet. It has also been consistently revisitedRead MoreScene Analysis of Chicken Run Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagesof non-digetic music it really adds tension to the scene. Also Mrs. Tweedy has a very sniggering tone of voice that just adds to the evil and sinister character being quickly built up in the space of five seconds. The use of dark and shadows in the scene really helps us with the idea of who is good and who is bad. In this scene the lighting is particularly harsh as Mrs. Tweedy is backlit in an unfriendly and somewhat disturbing manor. Her face is in shadow thatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing1204 Words   |  5 PagesMuch Ado About Nothing, and will conduct rhetorical analyses that will proceed to view the perspective of the villain and his or her intentions. Much Ado About Nothing written by William Shakespeare intending this play to be a comedy. Although it is hard to comprehend the comedy within the play. The characters within this play are all linked together by having a relationship that looks like a telephone wire game. The characters dilemma develops an emotional state of being towards the characters. TheseRead MoreDifference Between Primitive Mythology And Classical Mythology1071 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The difference between primitive mythology and classical mythology is that primitive leans towards the dark and gruesome, whereas classical mythology is move cultivated and not as scary and disturbing as primitive. The Greeks, unlike the Egyptians, made their gods in the image of man. The gods of the egyptians did have some sort of human forms, but it was also half-casted with animals The â€Å"miracle of greek mythology† was when the world became more enlightened and it was not so muchRead MoreReligious Symbols And Symbolism Of The Visit, A Book, Like Paradise Lost And The Divine Comedy Show1368 Words   |  6 PagesDivine Comedy show the awesome power religion inspires within people; contrastively, works like Huckleberry Finn and The Visit show the rampant cynicism religion inspires within people. Written by Swiss author Friedrich Dà ¼rrenmatt, The Visit is filled with religious symbols and references to Christianity. Instead of honoring the religion, though, the references only ridicules it. Dà ¼rrenmatt’s The Visit serves as a mockery of the church; its biblical allusions and symbolism, along with its dark plotRead MoreAnalysis Of Cybercrime1649 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual’s personal and financial information is one of the biggest targets of hackers. After obtaining hundreds, thousands, or even millions of credit card numbers, social security numbers, or bank account information, hackers sell the information on the dark web to a wholesaler who then sells them individually or in bulk to whoever wants to buy and use them for a relatively inexpensive price considering the legal weight of stealing someone’s identity. Through my research, I learned data breach reportingRead MoreBrief Description Of An Client Essay3170 Words   |  13 Pages1-10, ten being highest. Anthony stated that he needs to find a â€Å"new purpose in life,† and â€Å"rediscover† who he is as a person. Client also stated that his career has been affected by his daughter’s death because his comedy has become â€Å"darker† and he is not sure he likes where is comedy act is going. Client stated that â€Å"I do not think therapy can help me because it is for rich white people.† Background and History (Contextual and ecological factors (i.e., family, support system, other relationshipsRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Vonnegut s Harrison Bergeron 992 Words   |  4 Pagesinteract or come together with others in society? #2 â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, a short story written by Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Vonnegut makes it well-known to his readers how dangerous it can be to have total equality. Throughout the story, the author uses comedy, sarcasm, and tone. #3 In Kurt Vonnegut Jr.’s short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, the author argues the dangers of a world that is based on total equality. Not only does Vonnegut expose the negative results of being alike, he also shows that we desireRead MoreThe Musical Theatre And Film1607 Words   |  7 Pagesof the world that would affected the creation of this art form?) Musical Theatre is a form of theater combing music, songs, and spoken dialog, which can be traced back to the theatre of ancient Greece. The music and dance were included in stage comedies and tragedies during the 5th century BCE. However, the music is disappeared in these eras for a long time, so that they had no real influence on the development of modern musical theatre and film. There is no serious effect of a musical theatre over

Theme John Steinbacks Of Mice And Men free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Dreams are a train of idea or images go throughing through 1s mind. Of mice and work forces s two chief subjects consist of dreams and pipe dreams. Dreams can take to jobs, success, or neither. Dreams can besides take to new dreams every bit good. Some persons can transport out their dreams, others can non. Dreams involve committedness and one can neer accomplish it if you re non dedicated in following through. This goes with merely about any end or dream. Each single character has different and specific pipe dreams. These pipe dreams help to travel more in deepness in understanding each single character. The pipe dreams shape the characters behavior and impact the manner the character makes his/her determinations. Throughout the narrative, Of Mice and Men, concentrate a batch on pipe dreams. The rubric of the book relates to Burns verse form when it states: But, Mousie, thou art no thy lane In turn outing foresight may be vain: The best laid strategies o mice an work forces Gang aft a gley An lea vitamin E us nought but grief an hurting For promised joy This besides states that others encounter jobs every bit good when they look into the hereafter and seek to do programs. Others as good, find that their planning might be ineffectual and bootless as clip goes on. George and Lennie both fit into the class of desiring to transport out their dreams and be different than everyone else by taking attention and looking out for one another. Although, many of their single pipe dreams followed a different position, but there were still some in which they shared. George was the base of his and Lennies friendly relationship and trueness. He was the root or leader so to talk. George would be the 1 who would maintain things traveling on properly and more in order, to an extent. George had to be the base since Lennie was non strong plenty. Proof of this is when he stated: If George don T want me, I ll travel off. I ll travel off. ( Page 110 ) Lennies pipe dreams were more selfish and related to himself instead than Georges. Lennie wished for coneies, and furry animals to fulfill his impulses. This showed his deficiency of control, intelligence, and his liking towards soft things. George and Lennie did portion their end about the farm and both desiring to win at it. They besides knew that they would be different from the others because they had each other to trust on. Their dream of the farm in the hereafter and the pipe dreams symbolized their security. Even though jobs arose between George and Lennie, George had to ever be the leader and this helped continue both of their hope. Still, George s loneliness doesn T truly get down until the terminal. Candy s solitariness is similar to Georges solitariness at the terminal of the book because of their relationship to their close comrades is lost. Candy s close comrade is his Canis familiaris and Georges is Lennie. Both relationships involved trueness and friendly relationship. Candy is highly attached to his Canis familiaris, the manner Lennie was attached to George. A portion of Candy dies when his Canis familiaris is put down. Candy looked a lo ng clip at Slim to seek to happen some reversal. And Slim gave him none. At last Candy said quietly and hopelessly, Awright-take im. ( Page 52 ) Candy s dreams shifted in the narrative when his Canis familiaris dies and he all of a sudden becomes interested when George gives him the thought to come and get down a spread with him and Lennie. It about seemed as if Candy had no ground to travel on after his Canis familiaris died. Having new dreams arise to him made him look in front and kept him more interested in life. Curley s married woman had a similar signifier of solitariness as Candy s when his Canis familiaris was put down. Curley s married woman didn T feel as if she had anything to populate for. She seemed to hold raised nil but problem and enticement between the work forces. Curley s married woman didn T lose all that much in the terminal because she had nil in front of her, nil to look frontward to, and she was effected and enduring with her dreams and solitariness. I get lonely, she said. You can speak. ( Page 95 ) Even her matrimony was admitted by the writer as a error. Curley, on the other manus, was the opposite and took his jobs utilizing choler and defeat. By Christ, he s got ta talk when he s radius to. What the snake pit are you settin us into it for? ( Page 28 ) Curley is more counter and it seems he s angry when his ain ideas or dreams aren t go oning the manner it wants it to. Basically, he gets angry when he doesn t acquire his manner. Crooks dreams on the other manus, are non selfish. He merely wants to suit in with everyone else. Crooks dreams are more involved in having self-respect, and equity from the remainder. He s different from everyone else on the spread and because of this, he is singled out and non treated the same due to his race and colour. An illustration of this is stated: I ain t wanted in the bunk house, you ain t wanted in my room. ( Page 75 ) The three chief subjects in the novel are similar in many different ways. All the different dreams and pipe dreams of the characters reflected their behaviours and determinations throughout the narrative. Dreams are similar to shriek dreams merely by the fact that the ends of a character reflect on his/her determinations and attitudes towards jobs or issues. George s life was most changed by the terminal of the narrative because of the fact that he is now eventually get downing to truly be entirely. It s slightly dry. Throughout the narrative, all the characters different types of solitariness is described with George and Lennie being one of the premier illustrations. However, in the terminal, George is back at square one, possibly even behind square one since Lennie is gone, and now he doesn Ts have a comrade to take attention of him, assist him acquire through jobs or anything. George killing Lennie at the stoping of the narrative was more proper because it at least gave Lennie the decency to decease with some peace, trueness, felicity, reassurance, and comfort instead than by the workers in which Lennie would hold been scared, confused, and killed with no self-respect. In regard to Burns verse form, mice are the persons that dream their dreams but work forces really carry out their dreams.

Midsummer Nights Dream Essays (2774 words) - Fiction, Theatre

Midsummer Night's Dream William Shakespeare, born in 1594, is one of the greatest writers in literature. He dies in 1616 after completing many sonnets and plays. One of which is "A Midsummer Night's Dream." They say that this play is the most purely romantic of Shakespeare's comedies. The themes of the play are dreams and reality, love and magic. This extraordinary play is a play-with-in-a-play, which master writers only write successfully. Shakespeare proves here to be a master writer. Critics find it a task to explain the intricateness of the play, audiences find it very pleasing to read and watch. "A Midsummer Night's Dream" is a comedy combining elements of love, fairies, magic, and dreams. This play is a comedy about five couples who suffer through love's strange games and the evil behind the devious tricks. This play begins as Theseus, the Duke, is preparing to marry Hippolyta. He woos her with his sword. Hermia is in love with Lysander. Egeus, Hermia's father, forbids the relationship with Lysander and orders her to marry Demetrius. Demetrius loves Hermia, but she does not love him. On the other hand, Helena is in love with Demetrius. To settle the confusion, Theseus decides that Hermia must marry Demetrius or become a nun. In retaliation to her father's command, Hermia and Lysander run away together. Amidst all the problems in the human world, Titania and Oberon, the fairy queen and king, continually argue about their various relationships that they have taken part in. (Scott 336) Titania leaves Oberon as a result of the arguments. Oberon is hurt and wants revenge on Titania. So he tells Puck, Oberon's servant, to put a magic flower juice on her eyelids while she is sleeping. This potion causes the victim to desperately in love with the first creature that they see. Oberon's plan is carried out, but the potion is also placed on Lysander's eyes. Lysander awakes to see Helena, who is aimlessly walking through the woods, and instantly falls in love with her. She thinks that he is making fun of her being in love with Demetrius, so she leaves and Lysander follows. This leaves Hermia to wake up alone. Puck now has journeyed to the area where several actors are rehearsing. He uses his magic to turn one of them into a donkey, in hopes that Titania will awake to see it. Just as planned, she awakes and falls in love with the donkey. Oberon and Puck overhear Demetrius and Hermia arguing about their relationships and realize that they had made a mistake. In hopes of solving the problem, Puck places magic juice on Demetrius while he is sleeping. He awakes to Helena, who now has two men in love with her. Hermia is devastated because Lysander does not love her anymore. Helena and Hermia argue because Helena thinks that Hermia is in on the men's "joke." All four argue and leave. Puck persuades them to sleep all together and more of the antidote is placed on the eyes of Lysander. Titania also receives another dose of the potion, and awakes to her husband Oberon. A triple wedding is planned and everyone is happy. (thinkquest.com 1-3) Throughout the play there are many references to the gender and sex roles of the characters. As described in the critical essay by Shirley Nelson Garner, the dominating male power and strange sex roles of the characters is fluent throughout the play. The ordering of the fairy, human, and natural worlds is a movement toward satisfying men's psychological needs; but it also disrupts women's bonds with each other. The argument between Titania and Oberon arises from Titania's focus of attention toward a stolen Indian boy. Oberon uses his authority to force Titania to give up the boy, and he is shocked when she disobeys him and leaves. Her attachment to the boy is erotic, because she treats him similar to Bottom after she falls in love with him by a spell. The underlying reason for Oberon's complaint of Titania and the boy's relationship is that he secretly wants the boy for himself. Oberon takes action because his power is threatened by Titania's love for the boy. He needs her too, so he wins the boy for himself to make her feel inferior. In other words, Titania gave up something that she loved to make her husband happy. This is seen in everyday life, women give up their wants to make their men happy. Titania's sacrifice for Oberon cost her to lose both her Indian boy and his mother, her

Good Nutrition for Teenagers essays

Good Nutrition for Teenagers essays This article is about a good nutritional diet for growing teenagers. It is very important for teens to eat a certain amount of a certain type of food each day. When girls are almost done fully growing, they start to add some fat padding. But for boys, they begin to gain muscle and increasing the volume of blood. These changes often encourage girls to diet so that they will stay slim. Boys end up overeating to satisfy their appetites. Both of these could end up leading to health problems in the future. Healthy eating does not mean that you can not have your favorite foods. The Dietary Guidelines advise teens to be selective and limit the total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium intake. Animal products and hydrogenated vegetable oils are out main source of saturated fat. Only animal fat provides cholesterol. And sodium mostly comes from salt added to foods during processing, home preparation, or at the table. Fats are our most concentrated source of energy. Scientist know that eating too much fat, especially saturated fat and cholesterol, increases blood cholesterol levels, which then increases your risk of heart disease. Too much fat also may lead to overweight and an increase for your risk of some cancers. Most people like the taste of table sugar. There are sweeteners that are hidden in foods like honey, dried foods, concentrated fruit juices, and ingredients such as corn syrup that are added to cookies, soft drinks and lots of other processed foods. Very active teens with high-energy needs can use sweets as an additional source of calories. But these foods contain a limited amount of nutrients and both sugars and starches can contribute to tooth decay. When teens exercise heavily and sweat a lot, they can deplete their sodium reserve, unbalance their body chemistry, and possible become dehydrated. In extreme cases of a lot of sweating a dilute glucose-el ...

Costo de un abogado migratorio en Estados Unidos

Costo de un abogado migratorio en Estados Unidos Lo que puede costar  un abogado de migracià ³n en Estados Unidos depende del estado, de la clase de tramitacià ³n, del tipo de contrato, de su fama, etc. Este artà ­culo informa sobre honorarios promedio que cobran los abogados migratorios por tipo de trmites pero tambià ©n sobre causas para entender las grandes diferencias en los costos y las distintas formas de trabajar de los letrados en Estados Unidos que pueden afectar al monto final de los servicios. Factores que influyen en los honorarios de abogados de migracià ³n El monto de lo que cobra un abogado depende de varios factores, empezando por la dificultad de cada caso ya que no todos son iguales y los ms complejos son los ms caros. Otro factor a tener en cuenta es la ubicacià ³n de la oficina del letrado.  Hay una gran diferencia entre lo que se puede cobrar de un estado a otro, incluso dentro del mismo estado, de un pueblo a una ciudad grande. Asimismo debe tenerse en consideracià ³n el tipo de contrato entre el cliente y el letrado.  Por un lado hay  abogados que cobran por hora  un costo que puede ir entre $100 y $500. Por el contrario otros letrados cobran una cantidad fija segà ºn el tipo de tramitacià ³n. Esto à ºltimo es muy comà ºn entre abogados de inmigracià ³n. En algunos casos, por ejemplo, en las peticiones de una tarjeta de residencia para un familiar, es posible un acuerdo entre abogado y cliente, de tal manera que se paga una cantidad inicial al principio y cuando va avanzando el caso se paga el resto del dinero. Si este es el caso hay que tener muy claro cunto se paga y en quà © momento. Los gastos escondidos pueden incrementar enormemente el costo final de un trmite.  Por ejemplo, a la hora de cerrar un acuerdo con un abogado hay que tener muy claro si actividades extras como acudir a corte, visitar un detenido, etc, estn incluidos o hay que pagarlos a mayores. Y en este caso, cul serà ­a el costo. Los desplazamientos a centros de detencià ³n pueden ser carà ­simos, por eso en este caso preguntar si es posible que el abogado consulte con el detenido por telà ©fono.  Incluso hay que saber si se paga a mayores por traducciones, fotocopias, preparacià ³n de entrevistas etc. Preguntar explà ­citamente si en el precio que se paga van incluidas cosas como hablar con el USCIS si estos dicen que no se ha recibido un documento que se ha enviado. Responder a un RFE, es decir, presentar ms evidencias cuando Inmigracià ³n asà ­ lo pide, etc. Adems, la buena fama de un despacho de abogados con un amplio rà ©cord de casos ganados en su especialidad le permite cobrar ms que la media de sus compaà ±eros de profesià ³n. Finalmente es muy importante tener en cuenta que en los precios que cobran los abogados por sus servicios no estn incluidas las cuotas (fees en inglà ©s ) que hay que pagarle al USCIS o en su caso a un consulado. Esas cuotas se abonan a mayores (verifica si puedes calificar para no hacer el pago de la cuota). Listado de precios medios que cobran los abogados de inmigracià ³n Consulta: puede ser gratuita, pero es muy comà ºn cobrar a partir de $100. Tambià ©n es posible que se cobre menos si es por telà ©fono y ms si es presencial. Y que se limite el tiempo de la consulta, por lo que es importante ir preparado y saber todo lo que se quiere preguntar.Visa de fiancà © (prometido de ciudadano): una gran variacià ³n, desde $340 a $2.000Renovacià ³n, extensià ³n de una visa B1/B2 (turista, paseo o placer): $300-$2.000Visa de turista: $500 a $1.000DACA o Accià ³n diferida para Dreamers: de $200 a $500. Incluso $1.000 en casos complicados. Hay numerosas organizaciones sin fines de lucro que brindan estos servicios gratuitamente a los muchachos que califican para la renovacià ³n de la Accià ³n Diferida.Formulario N-400 para solicitar la ciudadanà ­a americana por naturalizacià ³n: $400-$1.000 y ms si hay complicaciones o es una aplicacià ³n que se hace a los tres aà ±os de recibir la residencia.Visa TN para profesionales mexicanos: a partir de $500V isa J-1, no objection waiver: $500Visa J-1, otras clases de waiver: a partir de $3.000 Visa P para atletas o deportistas: $3.000Preparacià ³n de entrevista: $300 y msMocià ³n para reabrir un caso: $3.000Peticià ³n de los papeles para un familiar (I-130): entre $500 y $1.800. Remocià ³n de condiciones de tarjeta de residencia por matrimonio: $500Ajuste de estatus: $600-$ 2.500I-90 para reemplazar la tarjeta de residencia: $500Permiso de trabajo: $350-$400Perdà ³n por inadmisibilidad 212(d)(3), para no inmigrantes que no pueden obtener visa por razones como salud, prostitucià ³n, ciertos rà ©cords criminales, contrabando de personas o presencia ilegal. $1.000-$2.000Perdà ³n (waiver) 601 o el 601A- ms de $4.000Visa H-1B: $900-$1.000 sin el certificado de trabajoLabor certification Perm: $5.000Visa U para và ­ctimas de violencia: $500-$3.000Tarjeta de residencia por patrocinio del empleador: $1.800Visa L-1, transfer dentro de una misma empresa: $3.500 - $5.000Visa O-1, para personas con habilidades especiales: $2.500-$5.000Visa E2 para inversionistas: en torno a l os $5,000 incluyendo solamente los gastos de la visa. Con inclusià ³n de otros trmites como elaboracià ³n plan negocios la preparacià ³n del paquete completo puede rondar los $9.000. Visa de estudiante: $500-$1.500Waiver para la tarjeta de residencia por interà ©s nacional: $5.000Advance parole que se solicita independientemente de otros trmites: $350-$750El costo por representacià ³n de abogado por casos de asilo, al ser muy particulares dependiendo de las circunstancias del solicitante, pueden variar enormemente. Pero hay que esperar un costo alto, como unos $5.000 por el asilo afirmativo y $7.000 o ms por uno defensivo. Consultas gratuitas con abogados de migracià ³n Algunos abogados brindan la posibilidad de consultas gratuitas, que pueden ser de dos clases. En primer lugar, un pequeà ±o contacto con el abogado o una persona de su equipo, generalmente por telà ©fono. Se trata de ver mà ­nimamente si hay posibilidad de sacar adelante un caso migratorio. En segundo lugar, existe la modalidad de pagar por una consulta pero si posteriormente se decide contratar al abogado del monto total del trmite se descuenta la cantidad pagada por la entrevista inicial. En estos casos, aunque habrà ­a inicialmente el pago de la consulta, al final se recobrarà ­a ese dinero en la forma de descuento sobre la cantidad final a pagar.  ¿Quà © hacer si no se puede pagar abogado? Hay ciertos situaciones donde lo ms aconsejable es contar siempre con un letrado. Por ejemplo, casos en los que honestamente es mejor siempre tener un abogado al lado: citaciones en corte de inmigracià ³n.peticiones de perdones,asilo, tanto para la solicitud como para la entrevista,solicitudes de green card auto patrocinadas en casos de violencia domà ©stica (VAWA)y, en general, en todos los casos en los que hay una situacià ³n de ilegalidad y se intenta pasar a la legalidad. Si es imposible pagar el coste de un abogado, intentar que acepte el caso uno que realiza labores pro bono, es decir, acepta representar a algunos clientes sin cobrar por cuestiones humanitarias. Si no es posible, ya que generalmente tiene listas de espera grandes para estos casos en los que no cobran, intentar hablar con un representante acreditado. Y aunque es cierto que en las cortes de inmigracià ³n es posible representarse a sà ­ mismo y que el gobierno no pone abogado a aquellos acusados que no pueden costearlo, pero lo cierto es que los resultados no son positivos. Contar con un abogado que represente a un acusado en corte de inmigracià ³n no quiere decir que se vaya a ganar el caso, pero sà ­ que se va a tener una mayor oportunidad. En casos de sà ³lo llenar formularios es posible, y la ley asà ­ lo admite, llenarlos uno mismo o acudir a un consejero de inmigracià ³n, que ha de cobrar menos que un abogado. Pero hay que entender que no pueden dar consejo legal para un caso concreto ni tampoco representar en corte de inmigracià ³n, si hiciera falta. Tambià ©n se puede acudir a solicitar ayuda a organizaciones sin fin de lucro que brindan apoyo legal o para llenar documentos. Los hay muy reconocidos y no cobran nada o sà ³lo una pequeà ±a cantidad. Pero muchas veces no pueden hacerse cargo de todos los casos porque estn literalmente desbordados de trabajo. Tips que te pueden interesar Antes de contratar a un despacho es recomendable seguir ciertos consejos sobre cà ³mo  elegir abogado de inmigracià ³n  y si no se est en condiciones de hacerlo, es aconsejable contactar con alguna organizacià ³n  reputada de  defensa de los migrantes. Finalmente, los migrantes mexicanos siempre pueden solicitar informacià ³n sobre abogados y otros asuntos migratorios en el telà ©fono gratuito de la CIAM.   Este es un artà ­culo meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Role of the World Bank in a Global Economy Essay

The Role of the World Bank in a Global Economy - Essay Example d its operations on 25 June 1946 and its first loan was approved on 9 May 1947 for the postwar rehabilitation and reconstruction ventures as concerns to France. It was at the time the largest loans to have been issued by the World Bank. The five parts (agencies) of the World Bank comprise of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Finance Corporation (IFC), International Development Association (IDA), International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and lastly the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). The activities of the World Bank emphasize more on its role towards the developing nations, ones which are doing their best to catch on to the bandwagon of the developed nations. The fields that the World Bank focuses upon in these developed nations include human development which can take into concern the subjects related with education and health. Then there is the field of agriculture and rural areas development emp hasizing more towards the irrigation activities and steps and the rural services. Environmental protection is also a related field coming under the focus discussion of the World Bank. This field takes a look at the areas which discuss the reduction of pollution as well as the manners in which regulations could not only be established but also enforced as a result. Infrastructure is a significant area that is seen courtesy the World Bank whereby the main point of emphasis is on the construction of roads, electricity provision and urban regeneration. Governance is the last pivotal area that World Bank takes into account and this speaks about the anti-corruption laws and measures in place and if the same are missing, then the manner in which these can be had in the first place. Also governance entails of the development of the legal institutions and other relevant corporations coming under this banner. World Bank tries its best to provide loans and other related incentives at preferent ial

Conference and Banqueting Management Assignment - 3

Conference and Banqueting Management - Assignment Example This means that the demand of human resource is much greater than the expected human resource supply in this area. Therefore, a wide scope for people who want to pursue hospitality as a course. The business is also characterized by a wide range of employment opportunities that constitute the different sectors makeup the hospitality industry. The hotels in the United Kingdom are diversified into small, upcountry hotels which are much independent to five star hotels which are very much luxurious. There are about 48 000 hotels in the United Kingdom, and it is noted that they employ up to 17% of the total human resource as per the hospitality sector. This is about 250 000 people who have skills. The other category is the restaurants. This sector constitutes outlets that sell take away food products. This category also constitutes the coffee bars, dining services and ethnic restaurants. Estimated in the United Kingdom show that there are over 100 000 outlets employing about 500 000 people in totality. However, about 70% of the restaurants are operated by the owners. The other 30 % is owned by groups. An example of a group is the Whitbread. This relates to the various methods that a work is carried out. Technology has greatly affected how hospitality is carried out. This has resulted to efficiency in the sector causing an increased growth. A good example is the current changes in computer hardware and software options. The computer technology has seen quick adaptation which has seen the hospitality industry grow in a much faster rate. The recent changes in the law affect the hospitality industry. The eminent changes have seen the business grow faster. An example is the reduction in taxes as per the hospitality industry. Also, the enactments of laws to protect the business have also been numerous. For example, the law has set to reduce theft using electronic cards. Unhealthy competition can lead to the collapse

Jury of her peers Essay Example for Free

Jury of her peers Essay After the first reading 1. What do the women think happened at the farm? The women thought Mrs. Wright might have murdered her own husband. After the second reading 2. What is the climax of the story (When in the story does the narrative take a turn)? The story’s climax is when there are more evidences compiled at the end (the dead bird, broken cage, abuse, marital oppression) this turns the story to Minnie Foster as a victim and not as a criminal. 3. How well does this story fit the model of the stages of narrative? The story shows all the stages of narrative in correct order (intro, rising action, climax, falling action) except that the conclusion is left for the readers to think. 4. What other things do you notice? The women were not allowed to be jurors but in this story, they outsmarted their husbands/men in collecting evidences that would point to who the victim and who the murderer was. The strongest evidences would be the abuse and loneliness experienced by Mrs. Wright and the irony of how the bird and Mr. Wright were killed in the same way. 5. What questions do you still have? Â  Will the women tell their husbands/men what they saw? Will the women stand up at the trial for the evidences?

The Fight Against Censorship: Peoples Communication Charter Essay

The People's Communication Charter is an initiative of the Third World Network (Penang, Malaysia) and the Centre for Communication & Human Rights (Amsterdam, the Netherlands). Basic to the initiative is the observation that across the world people face pervasive forms of censorship, distorted and misleading information, stereotyped images of gender and race, restricted access to knowledge, and insufficient channels to communicate their ideas and opinions. The reality of our communication environment reduces the capacity of ordinary men and women to control the decisions that others take about their lives. This 'dis-empowerment' violates the human entitlement to dignity, equality and liberty. To defend human integrity against this, communication should contribute to the 'empowerment' of people. This implies the need to improve the quality of our communication environment. This is a tall order. Communication is an arena largely controlled by very powerful interests. The media moguls and their political friends will not voluntarily put their stakes at risk. The information industr...

Chaos theory

What exactly is the chaos theory? Some believe the chaos theory is one of the many theories that will be recognized in the centuries to come. The chaos theory embodies many conditions of science, such as physics, engineering, economics, philosophy, mathematics, music, and even psychology. The chaos theory is only beginning. The chaos theory is a theory used in different categories of science that a seemingly possible phenomena has an underlying meaning. When was chaos first discovered? Edward Lorenz was the first true experimenter in chaos, he was a meteorologist.In 1960 Edward Lorenz was working on a weather prediction problem, he ad a computer set up to model the weather with twelve equations. His computer program did not predict the weather, but theoretically predicted what the weather might be. In 1961 Edward Lorenz wanted to see a specific sequence again, to save time he began in the middle of the sequence. He entered his printout number and let it run. An hour later the sequenc e had changed differently. The pattern had diverged, ending up being extremely different. His computer had saved the numbers to a six decimal place, he printed it out for three decimal places to save paper.The original sequence was 0. 506127 he had it as 0. 506. Lorenz's experiment: he ditterence between the sta rting values ot these curves is only . 000127. (Ian Stewart, Does God Play Dice? The Mathematics of Chaos, pg. 141) This is how the butterfly effect became, because of the number of differences of the two curves starting points was that of a butterfly's wings flapping. Unpredictability is one of the most important element is a complicated system. Lorenz calls this unpredictability â€Å"sensitivity to initial conditions,† which is also known to be the butterfly effect.This idea means with a non-linear, complex systems, starting conditions will effect in extremely dissimilar outputs. The effect of the utterfly's movements, to predict the weather. An example is if a but terfly flaps it's wings in Tokyo, it could predict a storm in Texas in several weeks time. The dependance on initial conditions is extreme. There is a rule for complicated systems that one cannot create a model that will predict outcomes accurately. The idea initial conditions on sensitive dependance mathematical roots are powerful.If you have a circle with the points XO and Xl , this represents the starting value for a variable. â€Å"We assume that the difference between there two numbers is represented by the distance between the points on the circle, given by the ariable d. To demonstrate the importance of infinite accuracy of initial conditions, we iterate T. Atter only one iteration, d, or the distance between T ), has doubled Iterating again, we find that the distance between the two points, already twice its initial size, doubles again. In this pattern, we find that the distance between the two points, Tn(XO) and Tn(X1), is 2nd.Clearly, d is expanding quite rapidly, leading the model further and further astray. After only ten iterations, the distance between the two points has grown to a whopping 210d = 1024d. † This example determines that to close conditions begin, after only a few minor ifferences, and iterations. The exact point on the circle can only be describes with an infinite amount of decimal places, the other remaining decimal places are discarded. There will always be a decimal error even if you enter the initial numbers into the computer with precision.Chaos is deterministic, sensitive to initial conditions, and orderly. Chaotic systems do have a sense of order, non chaotic systems are random. In a chaotic system even a minor in the starting point can lead to different outcomes. Equations for this system appear to show an increase to completely random behaviour. When raphed the system, something surprising happened, the output stayed on a double spiral curve. Lorenz's equations were certainly ordered, because they all had followed a spiral. The points never ended on a single point , but they weren't periodic either, they never repeated the same thing.He called his graphed equation the Lorenz attractor. In 1963 he published a paper describing his discovery and the unpredictability of the weather. This paper also included key information about the types of equations and what caused this behaviour. Since he was not a mathematician or a physicist he wasn't cknowledged for his discoveries until year later, when there had already been rediscovered by others. Lorenz had to wait for someone to discover him, his discovery was revolutionary. Another example of sensitive dependance of initial conditions is flipping a coin. There are two variables.One is how fast it is flipping, and the other is how fast it will hit the ground? Apparently, it should be likely to control how might the coin end up. In practice, it is impossible to control exactly how fast the coin flips and how high. There are similar problems like this in ecology. This occurs with the prediction of biological population. If the population rises continually, but with predators and limited food supply the equation is incorrect. next year's population = r * this year's population * (1 – this year's population) Benoit Mandelbrot was a mathematician working at 18M, he was studying self- similarity.One ot the areas ne studying was cotton prize tluctuation. He tried many times to analyze the data of the price for cotton, but the data did not go with the normal distribution. He decided to collect data from. Mandelbrot eventually gave up, until he decided to gather all the information dating back to 1900. He IBM's computer and found a surprising fact: The numbers that produced aberrations from the point of view of normal distribution produced symmetry from the point of view of scaling. Each particular price change was random and changes unpredictable.But the sequence of changes was independent on scale: curves for daily price changes a nd monthly price changes matched perfectly. Incredibly, analyzed Mandelbrot's way, the degree of variation had remained constant over a tumultuous sixty-year period that saw the two World Wars and a depression. † dames Gleick, Chaos – Making a New Science, pg. 86) Another example of the chaos theory is the human heart. The heart has a chaotic pattern. The time between the beats is not constant. It depends on how much actions a person is doing and there also among other things.

Lacsap’s Triangle

1 Introduction. Let us consider a triangle of fractions: Obviously, the numbers are following some pattern. In this investigation we will try to explain the theory behind this arrangement and to find a general relation between the element’s number and its value. The pattern above is called a Lacsap’s Triangle, which inevitably hints at its relation to another arrangement – Pascal’s Triangle (as Lacsap appears to be an anagram of Pascal). The algorithm behind it is very simple: each element is the sum of the two elements above it.However, if we represent a triangle as a table (below), we will be able to notice a pattern between an index number of an element and its value: column column column column column column column 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 row 0 1 row 1 1 1 row 2 1 2 1 row 3 1 3 3 1 row 4 1 4 6 4 1 row 5 1 5 10 10 5 1 row 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 6 1 It seems important to us to stress several points that this table makes obvious: ? the number of elements in a row is n + 1 (where n is an index number of a row) ? the element in column 1 is always equal to the element in column n – 1 ? herefore, the element in column 1 in every row is equal to the number of a given row. Now when we have established the main sequences of a Pascal’s triangle let us see how they are going to be expressed in a Lacsap’s arrangement. We also suggest looking at numerators and denominators separately, because it seems obvious that the fractions themselves can’t be derived from earlier values using the progressions of the sort that Pascal uses. Finding Numerators. Let’s begin with presenting given numerators in a similar table, where n is a number of a row. n=1 1 1 n=2 1 3 1 n=3 1 6 6 1 n= 4 1 0 10 10 1 n=5 1 15 15 15 15 1 3 Although the triangles appeared similar, the table demonstrates a significant difference between them. We can see, that all numerators in a row (except 1’s) have the same value. Therefore, they do not depend on oth er elements, and can be obtained from a number of row itself. Now a relationship we have to explore is between these numbers: 1 1 2 3 3 6 4 10 5 15 If we consider a number of row to be n, then n=1 1=n 0. 5 2 n 0. 5 (n +1) n n=2 3 = 1. 5n 0. 5 3 n 0. 5 (n +1) n n=3 6 = 2n 0. 5 4 n 0. 5 (n +1) n n=4 10 = 2. 5 n 0. 5 5 n 0. 5 (n +1) n n=5 15 = 3n 0. 6 n 0. 5 (n +1) n Moving from left to right in each row of the table above, we can clearly see the pattern. Dividing an element by a row number we get a series of numbers each one of them is 0. 5 greater than the previous one. If 0. 5 is factored out, the next sequence is {2; 3; 4; 5; 6}, where each element corresponds to a row number. Using a cyclic method, we have found a general expression for the numerator in the original triangle: If Nn is a numerator in a row n, then Nn = 0. 5(n + 1)n = 0. 5n2 + 0. 5n Now we can plot the relation between the row number and the numerator in each row.The graph of a parabolic form begins at (0; 0) and co ntinues to rise to infinity. It represents a continuous function for which D(f) = E(f) = (0; ); 4 Using a formula for the numerator we can now find the numerators of further rows. For example, if n = 6, then Nn = 0. 5 62 + 0. 5 6 = 18 + 3 = 21; if n = 7, then Nn = 0. 5 72 + 0. 5 7 = 24. 5 + 3. 5 = 28; and so forth. Another way of representing numerators would be through using factorial notation, for obviously Numeratorn = n! Now let’s concentrate of finding another part of the fraction in the triangle. Finding Denominators.There are two main variables, that a denominator is likely to depend on: ? number of row ? numerator To find out which of those is connected with the denominator, let us consider a following table: column 1 column 2 column 3 column 4 column 5 column 6 5 row 1 1 1 row 2 1 2 1 row 3 1 4 4 1 row 4 1 7 6 7 1 row 5 1 11 9 9 11 1 It is now evident, that a difference between the successive denominators in a second column increases by one with each iteration: {1; 2 ; 4; 7; 11}, the difference between elements being: {1; 2; 3; 4}. So if the number of row is n, and the denominator of the second column is D, then D1 = 1D2 = 2 D3 = 4 etc; then Dn = Dn-1 + (n – 1) = (n-1)! + 1; If we now look at the third column with a regard to a factorial sequence, a pattern emerges: In the series {1; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7;†¦ ; }, if d is the denominator of the third column, then: d3 = 1 + 1 + 2 = 4 d4 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 d5 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 dn = (n – 2)! + 3; To check the consistency of this succession, we will continue with the study of the fourth column. By analogy, the result is as follows: Denominatorn = (n – 3)! + 6 (where n is a number of row) Therefore, it can be represented as follows:Column 2 (n-1)! +1 Column 3 (n-2)! +3 Column 4 (n-3)! +6 It is now clear, that numbers inside the brackets follow the (c – 1) (where c is the number of column), and the numbers outside are in fact the numerators of the row of the previous index num ber (comparing to the column). Therefore, a general expression for the denominator would be Dn = (n – (c – 1))! + (c – 1)! 6 where Dn is a general denominator of the triangle n is a number of row c is the number of column Now we can use a formula above to calculate the denominators of the rows 6 and 7. column 2 column 3 olumn 4 column 5 column 6 row 6 (6 – 1)! + 1 = 16 (6 – 2)! + 3 = 13 (6 – 3)! + 6 = 12 (6 – 4)! + 10 = 13 (6 – 5)! +15 =16 row 7 (7 – 1)! + 1 = 22 (7 – 2)! + 3 = 18 (7 – 3)! + 6 = 16 (7 – 4)! + 10 = 16 (7 – 5)! +15 =18 column 7 (7 – 6)! + 21 = 22 Fusing these value with the numerators from the calculations above, we get the 6th and the 7th rows of the Lacsap’s triangle: Row 6: 1; ; ; ; ; ;1 Row 7: 1; ; ; ; ; ; ;1 If we now let En(r) be the (r + 1)th element in the nth row, starting with r = 0; then the general statement for this element would be: En(r) =Conclusion. To check the validity and limitations of this general statement let us consider the unusual circumstances: first of all, will it work for the columns of ones (1st and last column of each row)? if n = 4 r = 0, then En(r) = =1 if n = 5 r = 5, then En(r) = =1 7 therefore, the statement is valid for any element of any row, including the first one: En(r) = =1 However, obviously, the denominator of this formula can not equal zero. But as long as r and n are both always positive integers (being index numbers), this limitation appears to be irrelevant.If the numeration of columns was to start from 1 (the 1st column of ones), then the general statement would take the form of: En(r) = 8 Bibliography: 1) Weisstein, Eric W. â€Å"Pascal's Triangle. † From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource. http:// mathworld. wolfram. com/PascalsTriangle. html 2) â€Å"Pascal’s Triangle and Its Patterns†; an article from All you ever wanted to know http:// ptri1. tripod. com/ 3) Lando , Sergei K.. â€Å"7. 4 Multiplicative sequences†. Lectures on generating functions. AMS. ISBN 0-8218-3481-9

Definition of Communism Essays - Socialism, Communism, Free Essays

Definition of Communism Essays - Socialism, Communism, Free Essays Colin S. Innes English 1A (083) 04/21/2015 Definition of Communism Many people might consider Communism as the root of all evil and perhaps the worst system of government. Countries like the United States have spent countless amount of time, effort and money to stop the spread and influence of Communism on the home soil and around the world. Despite freedom being mostly associated with democracy, the abuse of democracy rights could also lead to disastrous events. The most infamous event in the history of the United States in the 20th century was the McCarthyism which is also known as the Red Scare. The event can be considered as the 20th century witch hunt. The whole story happened when Joseph McCarthy was senator for the Republican party. Joseph Mccarthy accused thousands of Americans of being Communists. During the period of mid-20th century, communism is portrayed as the evil enemy of Americans. Many innocent American people were charged guilty and alienated from their community and some were even put into jails. Many famous Hollywood actors were also put into the Hollywood blacklist, which means they would not be able to go back to Hollywood anymore, despite the horrible fact that many assertions were pure speculations. Americas obsession with liberty and democracy ironically restricted individual freedom as much or more so than Communism in many other countries. However, there are many scenarios where Communism has largely benefited people on the other side of the world. The successful revolution of China can be a perfect example of how Communism can bring wealth and strength to the nation. Advocates of democracy might argue that the economic failure of both Cuba and Cambodia have been the result of blindly following the Communist system. The fact is, neither of the two countries have followed the true definition of Communism. Both countries leaders, Khmer Rouge and Ral Castro revolutionized their system to Authoritarianism. The importance of the Communist system should not always be viewed as a negative impact, but as th e alternative way to benefit other countries. Communism is a theory originated by a German Philosopher, Karl Marx. His idea is that everyone in the society receives equal amount of shares of the benefits by freeing all lower class of the society from poverty and shortening the gap between low and middle class people. This idea is implemented to help lower-class people to have the opportunity to rise up and have the same amount of profits as that of middle class people. Many Superpowers in the world such as the Peoples Republic of China and Russia are all based on the Communist system. Without the rule under Communism, both countries would probably be in total chaos. If people in the country had to provide food and shelter for themselves, many problems would appear such as poverty, starvation and diseases. The country survives through the help of government and is rising up dramatically both in terms of economy and peoples standard of living. Three aspects of Communism are what makes Communism different from other systems. Common ownership of property- replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership. Same social rank-which makes everyone in the society receive equal shares of the benefits. This also benefits the lower-class people to make more money and close the gap between the wealthy and the poor. Ownership of land by the government- all means of productions are controlled by the state. Common ownership of property is the single most important aspect of Communism. It means that all organizations,enterprises or communities are held indivisibly rather than individual members in the country. This aspect of Communism has created many more job opportunities for citizens in the country as well as stability for the nation itself. Because many developing countries such as China, Cuba and Vietnam do not have stable economies, by adopting the idea of Common ownership of property, it could dramatically decrease the risk of economic depression basically for three reasons. First, many people in the country usually do not have sufficient funds to open up their own businesses and many people could not purchase enough goods to meet the standard consumptions for their businesses. Thus, they are most likely to encounter hardships in the future. However,

An Effective Policy to Deter Fighting in School

An Effective Policy to Deter Fighting in School An issue that many school administrators face on a constant basis is fighting in school. Fighting has become a dangerous epidemic in many schools across the country.   Students often engage in this barbaric practice to prove toughness rather than attempting to settle a dispute peacefully.   A fight will draw a quick audience, who without considering the potential ramifications see it as entertainment.   Anytime rumors of a fight emerge you can bet that a large crowd will follow suit.   The audience often becomes the driving force behind a fight when one or both of the parties involved are reluctant. The following policy is designed to prevent and discourage students from getting into a physical altercation. The consequences are direct and severe so that any student thinks about their actions before choosing to fight.   No policy will eliminate every fight. As a school administrator, you must take every precaution to ensure that you make students hesitate before taking that dangerous step. Fighting Fighting is unacceptable for any reason at Any Where Public Schools and will not be tolerated. A fight is defined as a physical altercation occurring between two or more students. The physical nature of a fight could include but is not limited to hitting, punching, slapping, poking, grabbing, pulling, tripping, kicking, and pinching. Any student who engages in such actions as defined above will be issued a citation for disorderly conduct by a local police officer and could be taken to jail. Any Where Public Schools will recommend that battery charges be filed against such individuals and that the student answer to the Any Where County Juvenile Court System. In addition, that student will be suspended indefinitely from all school related activities, for ten days. It will be left up to the administrator’s discretion as to whether an individual’s participation in a fight will be considered self-defense. If the administrator deems the actions as self-defense, then a lesser punishment will be issued to that participant. Fighting - Recording a Fight The act of recording/videoing a fight between other students is not permitted. If a student is caught recording a fight with their cell phones, then the following disciplinary procedures will be followed: The phone will be confiscated until the end of the current school year at which time it will be returned to the student’s parents upon their request. The video will be deleted from the cell phone. The person responsible for recording the fight will be suspended out-of-school for three days. In addition, anyone who is caught forwarding the video to other students/persons will be: Suspended for an additional three days. Finally, any student who posts the video on YouTube, Facebook, or any other social networking page, will be suspended for the remainder to the current school year.

WEEK 2 DQ 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WEEK 2 DQ 2 - Assignment Example Another difference is that the ERG theory considers a random movement of the needs in the hierarchy, whereas Maslow’s theory considers a systematic satisfaction of the needs starting from the bottom to the top. The third difference also relates to the movement within the hierarchy (Loh, Dawn, & Schapper, p. 14). The ERG theory states that a person can move backwards in the satisfaction of their needs, while Maslow’s theory states that once a need is satisfied the situation becomes permanent. I have applied the ERG theory in various ways. For instance, there was a time when I became sick and had an admission at the hospital. The treatment took a whole week and I could not manage to pay the bill because the money I had was meant for the college semester that followed. However, I had to employ the ERG theory and moved backwards in the hierarchy. I used the money meant for my school fee to clear the hospital

Choose an invention.describe and evaluate the effects it has had on a Essay

Choose an invention.describe and evaluate the effects it has had on a particular area of human life - Essay Example Computers have indeed done much to better the way people happen to do things. In that respect, it is really heartening to acknowledge that healthcare is an aspect of human life that has been totally revolutionized by the advent of computers, and computers have actually totally transformed the modern healthcare.1 It is a fact that in the area of healthcare, health records of patients do play a very important role. In that context, computers have totally redefined the record keeping in the field of healthcare.2 Health records of patients are not only vital for management of maladies of individual patients, but they are also important to predict larger societal healthcare trends. Before the invention of computers the record keeping in healthcare happened to be manual. It was not only very tedious to register and maintain the records of thousands of patients, but it was also utterly difficult to retrieve the health records of individual patients when required. However, with the invention of computers, things have totally changed. Computers have digitalized the recording and filing of patient records, thereby making it much more efficient, practical and faster. Computer generated and stored patient records not only happen to be more lasting and reliable, but it is much easier to retrieve the rec ords of specific patients. In fact with the computer assisted record keeping, it takes only a second to retrieve the health records of any patient. The computer assisted record keeping also assures that in the event of any man made or natural calamity, the health records of patients remain safe and secure at the offsite data storage locations. The other way in which the computers have positively influenced healthcare is by empowering the patients and by extending the reach of healthcare. In the earlier times even the most basic healthcare information was not easily available. However, with the advent of computers in the area of healthcare, computers have become a readily

One area of my business that I would like to change. The necessities Essay

One area of my business that I would like to change. The necessities of staff change - Essay Example In order to stay in a competitive market, fine tuning of business strategies or implementation of changes are necessary. I am running a Honda cars sales outlet at present and I would like to change the sales staff completely to promote more sales. My existing sales staffs are not competent enough to capture more business in this ever changing competitive market. Majority of them are more than 45 years of age. This paper describes why I want to implement a staff change in the sales department. The necessities of staff change Traditional Sales Mind-set always delivers a strong sales pitch. New Sales Mind-set stops the sales pitch -- and start a conversation. Traditional Sales Mind-set always looks for closing the sale. New Sales Mind-set is always to discover whether you and your potential client are a good fit (Galper, 2011). Relationship building is accepted as the core of every business activity at present. In other words, building strong relations with the customers is necessary fo r the benefit of a company. In this extremely competitive world, the value of customers is increasing rapidly. No organization can sustain its operations if it fails to attract a substantial volume of customers. My sales staffs are following the traditional patters of sales management. They are more interested only in capturing business than servicing the customers after the sales. In their opinion, their duty is over once they bring enough sales to the company. I got many complaints from different customers about the reluctance of my sales staff in servicing them after the closing of sales. The mind-set of my existing staffs needs to be changed completely. Even though I tried to empower them with the help of modern training methods, it is difficult for them to change their traditional methods and attitudes. A new sales team with ample knowledge in modern sales management techniques may serve better than my existing sales team. With superior knowledge in modern communication channel s and technologies, a new sales team would

Dextranase Enzyme Production

Dextranase Enzyme Production Dextranase definition and its uses Dextran is a collective name given to a large class of homopolysaccharides composed of D-glucans with contiguous a-1, 6 glycosidic linkages (95%), with minor secondary linkages such as a-1, 2, a-1, 3 and a-1, 4 [74]. It is produced by microorganisms such as Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Streptococcus sp., Acetobacter capsulatus and Acetobacter viscus [44]. Dextrans are well soluble in water, have low toxicity, and relative inertness. These properties make dextrans effective water-soluble carriers for dyes, indicators, and reactive groups in a wide variety of applications. They are widely used in the pharmaceutical and biochemical fields. Dextrans of low molecular weight are used as an alternative to blood plasma. They are also used for clinical purposes such as drug delivery [82], and by cross-linking for the production of the chromatographic matrix Sephadex. They are also widely used as both anterograde and retrograde tracers in neurons [94]. On the other hand microbial synthesis of de xtrans in damaged cane and beets or other products containing sucrose is a serious problem in sugar and food industry. Dextran is also a structural component of dental plaque which causes the development of dental caries [78], [85]. Dextranases are enzymes that cleave the a-1,6 glycosidic linkages of dextran to yield either glucose or isomaltose (exodextranases) or isomalto-oligosaccharides (endodextranases), and are only produced as extracellular enzymes by a small number of bacteria and fungi, including yeasts and perhaps some higher eukaryotes [44]. Enzymes in many groups can be classified as dextranases according to function: dextranhydrolases, glucodextranases, exoisomaltohydrolases, exoisomaltotriohydrases, and branched-dextran exo-1,2-alpha glucosidases. In particular the chemical reaction catalyzed is as follows: (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n + (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)m à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬  (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-1 + (1,6-alpha-D-glucosyl)m + 1 These enzymes belong to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the exosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is: 1,4-alpha-D-glucan: 1,6-alphaD-glucan 6 alpha-d-glucosyltransferase. Other commonly used names include dextrin 6-glucosyltransferase and dextrin dextranase. Many microorganisms are known to produce dextranase, including filamentous fungi belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Spicaria, Fusarium and Chaetomium, bacteria, e.g. Lactobacillus, Cellvibrio, Flavobacterium etc. The only yeasts reported to produce dextranases are members of the family Lipomycetaceae. Only Lipomyces kononenkoae [104] and Lipomyces starkeyi dextranases have been characterized [47]. Potential commercial uses of dextranases include: The synthesis of potentially valuable oligosaccharides [30] Potential mouthwash ingredients since isomaltose may be of significant importance for the prevention of dental caries [40], [41] Clearance of dextran contamination in cane sugar processing [25] Dual-stimuli-responsive drug release as in biodegradable polymer-structured hydrogels of gelatin and dextran [55]. Hydrogels are used for a wide range of biomaterials applications such as: contact lenses, drug delivery vehicles and tissue adhesives. Dextrans are polymers that mimic biological sugars found on tissue surfaces. The dextran hydrogel system with tunable mechanical and biochemical properties appears promising for applications in cell culture and tissue engineering [58] Drug delivery device suitable for delivering drug to the colon [7], [8]. Brondsted et al. studied the application glutaraldehyde dextran as a capsule material for colon-specific drug delivery. The dextran capsules were challenged with a dextranase solution, simulating the arrival of the drug delivery to the colon, so they broke and the drug was released as a dose pump. The outcome highlights the dextran capsules as promising candidates for providing a colon-specific drug delivery Also in site-specific drug delivery systems with the use of antibodies [69] The improvement of brewing yeast strain for beer industry. Due to the rising demand for low-calorie beverages, including beer, recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been produced by integrating LSD1 gene of Lipomyces starkeyi [101]. S. cerevisiae lacks the ability to produce extracellular depolymerising enzymes that can efficiently liberate fermentable sugar from abundant, polysaccharide rich substrates [75]. By introducing the gene mentioned above, adding an exogenous enzyme during beer fermentation to achieve starch hydrolysis and oligosaccharide reduction can be avoided Carbohydrase activity produced can also be exploited in sensitive chromogenic bioassays for toxicity: a mycotoxin bioassay using the intracellular ÃŽÂ ²-galactosidase activity of Kluyveromyces marxianus has been developed [20] Classification of dextranase based on amino acid sequence Dextranases are dextran-degrading enzymes that form a diverse group of carbohydrases and transferases. The more recent classification divides dextranases into two classes: endodextranases (a-1,6-glucan-6-glucnohydrolase; also referred to as dextranase) and exodextranases ( glucan-1,6-ÃŽÂ ±-glycosidase; also referred to as dextran glucosidases). The Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUB-MB) provides a system of classification depending on the type of reaction catalyzed and product specificity (Table 1). Contrary to that system, the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZy) database describes the families on terms of structural and mechanical features of these enzymes; enzymes with different substrate specificities are placed in the same family and those that hydrolyze the same substrate are sometimes placed in different families. In another classification system, Henrissat and Bairoch [33] have divided glucosylhydrolases and glycosylt ransferases into five families on the basis of the similarities in the amino acid sequences (Table 2). Table 1: The IUB-MB classification system EC3.2.1.11 Dextranases EC3.2.1.70 Glucan-1,6-glucosidases EC3.2.1.94 Glucan-1,6-isomaltosidases EC3.2.1.95 Dextran-1,6-isomaltotriosidases EC3.2.1.115 Branched-dextran exo-1,2-glucosidases Table 2: Classification of dextran hydrolysing enzymes, based on amino acid sequences. Dextran-glucosidases Families 13 15 Isomaltodextranase Family 27 Isomaltotriosidase Family 49 Endodextranases Families 49 66 (no sequence similarities between the two families) Aoki and Sakano (1997) came up with 4 families [2]. They isolated and sequenced the isopullunase gene (ipuA) from Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642. The gene shows significant amino acid similarity to the dextranase produced by Penicillium minioluteum (PEMDEX) and Arthrobacter sp. (ARTDEX). Since ASNIPU shows great similarity to PEMDEX and ARTDEX, they can be classified as Family 1. In the same fashion, the researchers compared the amino acid sequences of dextranases and dextran-hydrolising enzymes, including ASNIPU. Lipomyces species and Lipomyces starkeyi Lipomyces starkeyi and Lipomyces kononenkoae belong to the Lipomycetaceae family and are the only yeasts reported to produce dextranases. The first Lipomyces species was identified by Robert Starkeyi in 1946 during a study of nitrogen-fixing bacteria: it was then that he discovered L. starkeyi, a fat-producing, ascosporogenous soil yeast. The family Lipomycetaceae was proposed later, in 1952 by Lodder and Kreger von Rij. Lipomyces species can utilize starch as a sole source of carbon. Both species contain highly efficient amylolytic systems, permitting growth on starch with very high biomass yields [97]. The family Lipomycetaceae is known to utilize certain heterocyclic compounds, such as imidazole, pyrimidine, and pyrazine and their derivatives, as sole nitrogen sources [92]. Information on the genome organization and molecular genetics of this group of yeasts is very limited. The ascosporogenous soil yeast L. starkeyi has been reported to produce commercially useful extracellular dextranase activity [97], [52], [53], and it can utilize a variety of other compounds, like hexoses, pentoses, alcohols and organic acids, as sole sources of carbon and energy [46]. The strains of L. starkeyi currently used are NCYC 1436, IGC 4047, ATCC 12659 and its de-repressed mutant ATCC 20825. L. starkeyi dextranases Commercial use of dextranase began in 1940s, mainly by producing low-molecular-weight clinical dextran. Therefore, industrially practical mixed culture fermentation of L. starkeyi and Leuconostoc mesenteroides was capable of producing controlled-size dextrans in order to satisfy clinical use, in which dextranase produced by L. starkeyi hydrolyzed the high molecular weight dextran produced by L. mesenteroides to a controlled size [46]. The enzyme production system of L. starkeyi needs an inducer. Dextran is its normal inducer but it is a relatively expensive carbon source for large-scale fermentations. Also, L. starkeyi is reported to have slow growth and difficulty of avoiding contamination from other microorganisms during growth. With that in mind D. W. Koenig and D. F. Day (1989) undertook to establish conditions which would minimize the cost of the inducer for producing an enzyme by using a de-repressed mutant of L. starkeyi ATCC 12659 grown on glucose. Thus the mutant ATCC 20825 is capable of hyperproducing dextranase at low pH to provide biologically contaminant-free supernatant liquid containing dextranase. Lipomyces starkeyi (IGC 4047), when grown on dextran as a sole carbon source produced a dextranase able to hydrolyse blue dextran and Sephadex G-100. The molecular weight was 23kDa and the isoelectric point was 5.4 [97]. The dextranase of L. starkeyi (ATCC 20825) studied by Koening and Day (1988, 1989a, 1989b) was analysed by SDS-PAGE and produced four bands, of molecular weights 65 kDa, 68 kDa, 71 kDa, and 78 kDa. Millson and Evans (2007) have isolated extracellular dextranase of L. starkeyi NCYC 1436 and have found that for their strain the enzyme occurs as three molecular weight species and seven isoelectric forms [68]. L. starkeyi nutrients (YPDex / YPD) The main ingredient in the chosen media is yeast extract. Yeast extract is a dried autolysate which facilitates rapid and luxuriant growth when used in various media or fermentation broth. It is a good source of amino-nitrogen and vitamins, especially the water-soluble B-complex vitamins. However, yeast extract is reported to enhance glucose metabolism to lipids, but inhibit lipolysis [18]. The metabolic pathway consists of converting glycerol into pyruvate or glucose and then hydrolysis by a phosphatase gives glycerol again. The disruption of this metabolic pathway, could account for the seemingly truncated numerous bands that SDS gives after prolonged storage of the yeast. Mycological peptone is incorporated in the media and discourages bacterial growth because of its acidity. Environment that dextranases favour Dextranase activity is affected by temperature, pH, metal ions and nutrients. According to Lin Chen et al (2007), dextranase activity is optimized between temperatures of 10oC and 60oC at pH of 6.0 [12]. In the particular study, the effect of pH on enzyme activity was determined by varying the pH between 3.5 and 8.5 under the temperature of 30oC. The pH of 3.4-4.5, 5.0-7.5, and 8.0-8.5 were maintained by sodium acetate buffer (20mM), citrate and phosphate buffer (20mM) and sodium phosphate buffer (20mM) respectively. The effects of metal ions (AlCl3, CaCl 2, CoCl2, CuSO4, FeCl3, KCl, MgCl2, NaCl, NiSO4, MnCl2 and ZnCl2) and SDS on dextranase activity were assayed by incubation of dextranase with 1mM metal ions or 1 mM SDS at pH 4.5 for 3h at 37oC, and then the enzyme activity of dextranase was determined. Ravi Kiran Purama and Arun Goyal (2008) in a study for optimization of nutritional factors, estimated dextransucrase activity in the cell free extract of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. They analysed the regression coefficients and t-values of six ingredients: yeast extract, sucrose, intercept, K2HPO4, beef extract, peptone and Tween 80. Yeast extract, sucrose, beef extract, and K2HPO4 displayed a positive effect for enzyme production whereas, peptone and Tween 80 had a negative effect on enzyme production. The variables with confidence levels greater than 90% were considered as significant. Sucrose was significant at 99.99% confidence levels for dextransucrase production. K2HPO4 and yeast extract were found significant about 94% level for dextransucrase production. Beef extract was significant 91% for dextransucrase production. Peptone and Tween 80 were found insignificant with negative coeffficients for enzyme activities. Methods used for enzyme activity measurement Enzymatic activity is measured with the help of laboratory methods called enzyme assays. All enzyme assays measure either the consumption or production of product over time. Enzyme assays can be split into two groups according to their sampling method: continuous assays, where the assay gives a continuous reading of activity, and discontinuous assays, where samples are taken, the reaction stopped and then the concentration of substrates/products determined [11], [20]. Continuous assays: Spectrophotometry in which you follow the course of the reaction by measuring a change in how much light the assay solution absorbs Fluorimetric assay in which we make use of the difference in the fluorescence of substrate from product to measure enzyme reaction. These assays are in general much more sensitive than spectrophotometric assays, but can suffer from interference caused by impurities and the instability of many fluorescent compounds when exposed to light Calorimetric assay in which the heat released or absorbed by chemical reactions is measured Chemiluminescence in which the light emitted by some enzyme reactions is measured so as to detect product formation. The detection of horseradish peroxidase by ECL is a common method of detecting antibodies in western blotting Discontinuous assays: Radiometry in which the incorporation of radioactivity in substrates is measured Chromatographic assays measuring product formation by separating the reaction mixture into its components. This is usually done by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but thin layer chromatography can also be used. Although this approach needs a lot of consumables its sensitivity can be increased by labelling the substrates/products with a radioactive or fluorescent tag Methods and assays for dextranase activity measurement The large variability of available substrates makes it difficult to estimate the enzyme activity, because the reaction product is often an undefined mixture of sugar polymers. The existing assays try to compromise convenience, speed and accuracy [44] Viscosimetric analysis was among the first to be used [31], [35], [36]. This method measured the amount of enzyme which reduced the specific viscosity of the dextran solution by half in 10min. and it is more suitable when dextranase hydrolyses the dextran molecule at random, producing long oligosaccharides. Reducing-sugar assay or saccharogenic methods measure the rate of increase in reducing sugar as measured with the Somogyi assay, the 3,5-dinitrosalicylicacid method (DNS) [102], thiourea borax-modified O-toluidine colour reagent (35) and alkaline potassium ferricyanide solution (225). These methods test the presence of free carbonyl group (C=O). It is a simple method commonly used to analyze for reducing sugars produced from enzymatic hydrolysis of substrates such as starch and sucrose [67].The most common substrates applied are Dextran T2000,47 T-260,3 and T110 [54], [72]. A number of substances have been reported as interfering with DNS colour development and citrate is one of them. Acetate and citrate are reported to enhance colour development and the true antagonist in this reaction is the proton (H+) [96]. This method is based on the release of short coloured products from polymeric blue dextran and their selective colorimetric detection at 610-650nm after precipitation of the p olymer. DNS colorimetric assays reported in literature are often modifications of the method of Webb and Spender-Martins (1983). E. F. Khalikova and N. G. Usanov (2001) developed a dextranase assay using an isoluble substrate, namely, Sephadex G-200 with Remazol Brilliant Blue dye [45]. The action pattern of dextranase was then, studied by means of exclusion chromatography. Overall, this assay was reported as convenient for quantitative dextranase detection, relatively independent of the enzyme source, and is proposed as an inexpensive alternative to the known procedures utilizing coloured substrates. The dextranase substrates can be either dye-releasing or fluorogenic. The assay procedures based on these substrates are accurate, fast and can be recommended for dextranase-producing microbial screening and enzyme purification. Other assay procedures worth mentioning include a spectrophotometric method with the use of Blue Dextran developed by Kauko K. Makinen and Illika K. Paunio (2004) who recommend it for column chromatography [62], and a method based on simple titration, developed by Eggleston and Gillian (2005) for easy use at the sugar cane factory [19]. Fluorometric assays are based on measuring the fluorescence of the samples and the results are often compared to a series of standards of Penicillium sp. A very sensitive fluorometric assay using amino-dextran-70 coupled with fluorescent dye BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-sindacene-3-propionic acid, succinimidyl ester) as the substrate was described by M. Zhou et al. (1998). The BODIPY FL dye-labelled dextranase substrate is an amine-containing dextran derivative that is labelled with the pH-insensitive, green fluorescent BODIPY FL dye, resulting in almost total quenching of the conjugates fluorescence. The increase of the fluorescent degradation products of BODIPY FL dextran is proportional to the amount of dextranase activity [102]. A suspension of Sephadex in a buffer is supplemented with agar, sterilized, and poured in Petri dishes, and after the wells are filled with the test solution, they are left to incubate. The dextranase activity can be evaluated by the extent of halos around the holes due to the opalescence of Sephadex. Milson and Evans (2007), measured dextranase activity using SDS PAGE as described by Laemmli (1970), using both mini-gel and Protean II electrophoresis systems, and stained using Coomassie Blue [68], [56]. Molecular weight markers were used to construct a calibration curve, from which molecular weights of dextranase were determined. Native gel electrophoresis was performed, but the loading buffer and the gel lacked SDS and ÃŽÂ ²-mercaptoethanol and the samples were not heated prior to loading on the gel. In the same study, dextranase activity was estimated in SDS gels, without extraction, by a plate modified from the method of Lawman and Bleiweis (1991) [57]. FL versus DNS assay method The classic method (DNS) for measuring glycosidases through release of reducing activity is simple and inexpensive and, as cited above, has been modified in several studies so as to suit the researchers needs. It may, however, have some pitfalls. The reaction taking place is the following: aldheyde group oxidation> carboxyl group 3,5-dinitrisalicylic acid reduction-> 3-amino,5-nitrosalycilic acid (Nam Sun Wang, University of Maryland) The above reaction scheme shows that 1 mole of sugar reacts with 1 mole of 3,5-dinitrisalicylic acid. However, it is suspected that there are many side reactions, and the actual stoichiometry is more complicated than that previously described. Different reduced sugars yield different colour intensities; thus it is necessary to calibrate for each sugar. Apart from the oxidation, other side reactions may compete for the availability of 3,5-dinitrisalicylic acid. Consequently, the calibration curve may be affected and the intensity of the developed colour may be enhanced. Therefore, the method has low specificity and one must run blanks diligently if the colorimetric results are to be interpreted correctly and accurately [96]. Another obstacle to be dealt with when using DNS is non-linearity. One cause of non-linearity could be the common practice of diluting reaction products before quantification of reducing compounds and another is the insufficiency of substrates. The fluorometric assay (FL), seems to gain ground in the most recent studies as faster and more accurate and it seems to leave space for modifications and combined use with other methods (see  §1.3.1). A standard curve is constructed from Penicillium sp. and then compared with the one derived from Lipomyces starkeyi. As described in the previous paragraph dextranase activity is estimated by the increase of the fluorescent products of dextran degradation. However, if too many fluoro are conjugated to the dextran molecule undesired may come up. Molecular Probes TM seems to overcome this problem by removing as much of the free dye as possible and then assaying the fluorescent dextran by (TLC) to ensure that it is free of low molecular weight dyes. So, in general, FL seems to yield accurate curves. Millson and Evans (2007), used an assay of dextranase activity which was a variation on that reported by Zhou et al. (1998). In that study, fluorescence vs. dextranase activity produced a linear log [68], [102]. Purification of L. starkeyi dextranase Dialysis tubing Dialysis tubing is typically used for changing the buffering solution of a protein and is also a method for concentrating protein solutions by dialysis against a hygroscopic environment (e.g. PEG, Sephadex). The protein solution is contained within a membrane which permits solute exchange with a surrounding solution and whose pore size prevents the protein from escaping. Except for small volumes, this method is time-consuming [11]. Filtration Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration (UF) is a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semi-permeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained, while low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane. UF is not fundamentally different from microfiltration or nanofiltration, except in terms of the size of the molecules it retains. [11], [77]. SDS-PAGE Purification of Lipomyces starkeyi dextranase is carried out mainly by running a SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis. The solution of proteins to be analyzed is first mixed with SDS, an anionic detergent which denatures secondary and non-disulfide-linked tertiary structures, and applies a negative charge to each protein in proportion to its mass. SDS binds in a ratio of approximately 1.4g SDS per 1.0g protein. The size of the protein is directly related to the distance it migrates through the gel. Dextranase molecules migrate as bands based on size. Each band can be detected using stains such as Coomassie blue dye [77]. Modifications to the polypeptide backbone, such as N- or O- linked glycolylisation, however have a significant impact on the apparent molecular weight. Thus, the apparent molecular weight is not a true reflection of the mass of the polypeptide chain. In most cases, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is carried out with a discontinuous buffer system in which the buffer in the reservoirs is of a different pH and ionic strength from the buffer used to cast the gel. After migrating through a stacking gel of high porosity the SDS-polypeptide complexes are deposited in a very thin zone (or stack) on the surface of the resolving gel. The discontinuous buffer system that is most widely used was originally devised by Orstein (1964) and Dvis (1964) [77]. The sample and the stacking gel contain Tris Cl (pH 6.8), the upper and lower buffer reservoirs contain Tris-glycine (pH 8.3) and the resolving gel contains Tris Cl (pH 8.8). All components of the system contain 0.1% SDS [56]. Precipitation methods of proteins Precipitation is widely used in downstream processing of biological products, especially proteins. It serves to concentrate and fractionate the target product from various contaminants, as in biotechnology industry where precipitation helps to eliminate contaminants commonly contained in blood. The underlying mechanism of precipitation is to alter the solvation potential of the solvent and thus lower the solubility of the solute by addition of a reagent. Precipitation is usually induced by any of the following methods [11]: Salting out Isoelectric point precipitation Precipitation with organic solvents Non-ionic hydrophilic polymers Flocculation by polyelectrolytes Polyvalent metallic ions Salting out This the most common type of precipitation. Normally a neutral salt is added, such as ammonium sulphate, which compresses the solvation layer and increases protein protein interactions. As the salt concentration of a solution is increased, more of the bulk water is associated with the ions. Consequently, less water is available to partake in the solvation layer around the protein, which exposes hydrophobic interactions, aggregate and precipitate from solution. Isoelectric point precipitation The isoelectric point (pI) is the pH of a solution at which the net primary charge of a protein becomes zero. At a solution pH that is above the pÃŽâ„ ¢ the surface of the protein is primarily negatively charged and therefore like-charged molecules will exhibit repulsive forces. At a solution pH that is below the pI, the surface of the protein is primarily positively charged and repulsion between proteins occurs. At the pI, the negative and positive charges cancel, repulsive electrostatic forces are reduced and the dispersive forces predominate, and will, therefore, cause aggregation and precipitation. The pI of most proteins lies in the pH range of 4-6. Mineral acids, such as hydrochloric and sulphuric acid are used as precipitants. The greatest disadvantage to isoelectric point precipitation is the irreversible denaturation caused by the mineral acids. For this reason isoelectric point precipitation is most often used to precipitate contaminant proteins, rather than target pro tein. Precipitation with organic solvents Ethanol or methanol, if added to a solution may cause the proteins of the solution to precipitate. As the organic solvent gradually displaces water from the surface of the protein and binds it in layers around the organic solvent molecules, the solvation layer around the protein decreases. In that state, the protein can aggregate by attractive electrostatic and dipole forces. Parameters to consider are temperature (should be less than 0 °C to avoid denaturation), pH and protein concentration of the solution. Miscible organic solvents decrease the dielectric constant of water, which in effect allows two proteins to come together. At the pI the relationship between the dielectric constant and protein solubility is given by: log S = k/e2 + log S0 S0 is an extrapolated value of S, e is the dielectric constant of the mixture and k is a constant that relates to the dielectric constant of water [98]. Non- ionic hydrophilic polymers Dextrans, polyethylene glycols and other polymers are used in precipitation of proteins due to their low flammability and are less likely to denature biomaterials compared to pI precipitation. These polymers attract water molecules away from the salvation layer around the protein, which enforces protein-protein interactions and induces precipitation. For the case of polyethylene glycol, the following equation models precipitation: ln(S) +pS = X ÃŽÂ ±C C is the polymer concentration, P is a protein-protein interaction coefficient, ÃŽÂ ± is protein- polymer interaction coefficient and X = ( ÃŽÂ ¼i ÃŽÂ ¼i0 )RT ÃŽÂ ¼ is the chemical potential of component I, R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature [98]. Flocculation by polyelectrolytes Polyelectrolytes form extended networks between protein molecules in solution. These include alginate, carboxylmethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid, tannic acid and polyphosphates. The pH of the solution determines the effectiveness of these polyelectrolytes. Anionic polyelectrolytes are used at pH above the pI. Cationic polyelectrolytes are used at pH above the pI. The precipitate may dissolve back into the solution if an excess of polyelectrolytes is used. Polyvalent metallic ions Enzymes and nucleic acids are precipitated with the use of metal salts at low concentrations. Most frequently polyvalent metallic ions used are Ca+, Mg+, Mn+ or Fe+. Precipitation reactors Industrial scaled reactors that are used to precipitate large amounts of proteins, such as recombinant DNA polymerases from a solution include: Batch reactors The agent is slowly added to the protein solution under mixing, so the aggregating particles tend to be regular in shape. The protein particles are exposed to a wide range of shear stresses for a log period of time and become mechanically stable. Tubular reactors The precipitating reagent and the feed protein solution are contacted in an area of mixing and then added into enlongeted tubes where precipitation occurs. Plug flow is approached by the elements as they move along the tubes. The tubular reactor is inexpensive to be constructed but can become long and slow in case that aggregation of the particles occur slowly. Continuous stirred tank reactors CSTR reactors also known as vat or back mix reactors, run at steady state with a continuous flow of reactants and products in a well-mixed tank. It is a type of reactor mainly used in chemical engineering. A CSTR often refers to a mathematical model which is used to estimate the key unit operation variables when using a continuous agitated-tank reactor to reach a specified output. Perfect mixing is demanded. Precipitation of L. starkeyi The most common precipitation methods in the case of L. starkeyi cited in literature are: Isoelectric focusing Koening and Day (1988) used precast IsoGel agarose isoelectric focusing plates, pH 5.0-8.5. A standard mixture of proteins was applied in the lane next to each sample and the protein profile was quantified by densitometer scans. The enzyme activity in the gel was determined by slicing an unstained gel into 0.9 mm sections. Each section was placrd in a test tube with 1.0 ml 0.05 M citrate/phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, allowed to elute overnight at 4oC and assayed for enzyme activity. This method separated the protein mixture into five isoelectric bands. All five forms were found to have dextranase activity and exhibited the same Km values. Organic solvents Polyethylene glycol precipitation is often used. Nishimura et al. (2002) used this method in an effort to prepare total DNA from L. starkeyi for taxonomy analysis. They added phenol solution (phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol=25:24:1) to a test tube of Tris-SDS. The